🔥 Atmospheric Pressure: Dramatic Drum Crushing

SCIENTIFIC METHOD: 1. Place drum on burner
2. Click START HEATING - Fire appears
3. Water boils at 100°C → Steam forms
4. Steam pushes air out
5. Drag hot drum into cold water
6. Steam condenses → Vacuum → DRUM CRUSHED by atmospheric pressure

Stage 1: Drum at room temperature (25°C), contains 60% water

Stage 2: HEATING - Fire heats drum to >100°C

Stage 3: STEAM FORMATION - Water boils, steam replaces air

Stage 4: ATMOSPHERIC CRUSHING - Steam condenses → Vacuum → Drum crushed INWARD by atmospheric pressure

101.3 Internal Pressure (kPa)

25°C Drum Temperature

💡 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE: At 100°C, water turns to steam (1600× volume). Steam pushes air out. When cooled suddenly in cold water, steam condenses to water, creating near-vacuum. Atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) crushes the drum INWARD dramatically!

← Drag drum onto burner to begin →

Physics Principles

1. Phase Change: Liquid water ↔ Steam

2. Volume Expansion: 1 mL water → 1600 mL steam

3. Gas Laws: PV = nRT

4. Condensation: Steam → Water creates vacuum

5. Pressure Differential: 101.3 kPa (outside) vs ~5 kPa (inside)

6. ATMOSPHERIC CRUSHING: Drum crushed INWARD by atmospheric pressure