Circuit Controls
Circuit Status
Circuit Open — No Current Flow
Length of Conductor
1.0 m
Short Long
Physics: R ∝ L (Direct)
Longer wires provide more atomic collisions for electrons. Doubling the length doubles the resistance.
Cross-sectional Area
0.785 mm²
Thin Thick
Physics: R ∝ 1/A (Inverse)
Thicker wires offer more pathways for electrons. Doubling the area halves the resistance.
Temperature Effect
🌡️
20°C
Base temperature (20°C)
Cold Hot
Formula: Rₜ = R₂₀[1 + 0.0039(T−20)]
Higher temperature increases atomic vibrations, creating more electron collisions. Copper resistance rises ~0.39 % per °C above 20°C.
Circuit Simulation
Copper Wire Visualisation
R = ρL / A  |  V = I × R
ρ (copper) = 1.68×10⁻⁸ Ω·m  |  L = wire length (m)  |  A = cross-sectional area (m²)
Voltage (V)
1.50 V
Resistance (R)
— Ω
Current (I)
0.000 A
Power (P)
0.000 W